Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with an estimated 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths in 2018. The vast majority of these cases occur in low- and middle-income countries, where access to screening and treatment is limited.
Cervical cancer is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a common sexually transmitted infection. Most women who are infected with HPV will not develop cervical cancer, as the body’s immune system can usually clear the virus before it causes any harm. However, in some cases, the virus can persist and cause changes to the cells in the cervix, eventually leading to cancer.
There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for about 80-85% of all cervical cancers. It develops in the thin, flat cells lining the cervix’s outer part. Adenocarcinoma is less common, accounting for about 10-15% of cervical cancers. It develops in the glandular cells that produce mucus in the cervix.
Symptoms of cervical cancer may not appear until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause
- Pain during sex
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Pelvic pain or discomfort
- Pain during urination
It is important to note that other conditions can also cause these symptoms, so it is important to see a healthcare provider if you experience any of them.
Cervical cancer is most commonly diagnosed through a Pap test, also known as a Pap smear. During a Pap test, a healthcare provider collects cells from the cervix and sends them to a laboratory to be examined for abnormal changes. If abnormal cells are found, further testing, such as a colposcopy, which uses a special instrument to examine the cervix more closely, may be done.
If cervical cancer is diagnosed, the treatment options will depend on the stage of the cancer, the woman’s age and overall health, and other factors. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. In some cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary.
The best way to prevent cervical cancer is to get vaccinated against HPV. The HPV vaccine is recommended for boys and girls between the ages of 9 and 14 but can be given up to age 26 for women and age 21 for men. The vaccine is given in two or three doses, depending on the age at which it is given.
In addition to getting vaccinated, women can reduce their cervical cancer risk by getting regular Pap tests. The American Cancer Society recommends that women start getting Pap tests at age 21 and continue getting them every three years until age 29. From ages 30 to 65, women should have a Pap test and an HPV test every five years or a Pap test alone every three years. Women who have had a hysterectomy with the removal of the cervix may not need to continue getting Pap tests.
Other ways to reduce the risk of cervical cancer include:
Practicing safe sex by using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners
Not smoking, as smoking can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of cervical cancer
Eating a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables
Maintaining a healthy weight
Managing stress
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